The EnMAP user interface and user request scenarios

EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) is a German hyperspectral satellite mission providing high quality hyperspectral image data on a timely and frequent basis. Main objective is to investigate a wide range of ecosystem parameters encompassing agriculture, forestry, soil and geological environments, coastal zones and inland waters. The EnMAP Ground Segment will be designed, implemented and operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The Applied Remote Sensing Cluster (DFD) at DLR is responsible for the establishment of a user interface. This paper provides details on the concept, design and functionality of the EnMAP user interface and a first analysis about potential user scenarios. The user interface consists of two online portals. The EnMAP portal (www.enmap.org) provides general EnMAP mission information. It is the central entry point for all international users interested to learn about the EnMAP mission, its objectives, status, data products and processing chains. The EnMAP Data Access Portal (EDAP) is the entry point for any EnMAP data requests and comprises a set of service functions offered for every registered user. The scientific user is able to task the EnMAP HSI for Earth observations by providing tasking parameters, such as area, temporal aspects and allowed tilt angle. In the second part of that paper different user scenarios according to the previously explained tasking parameters are presented and discussed in terms of their feasibility for scientific projects. For that purpose, a prototype of the observation planning tool enabling visualization of different user request scenarios was developed. It can be shown, that the number of data takes in a certain period of time increases with the latitude of the observation area. Further, the observation area can differ with the tilt angle of the satellite. Such findings can be crucial for the planning of remote sensing based projects, especially for those investigating ecosystem gradients in the time domain

Atmospheric Correction in Sentinel-2 Simplified Level 2 Product Prototype Processor: Technical Aspects of Design and Implementation

This paper presents the scientific and technical aspects of the Level 2A (atmospheric/topographic correction) for the Sentinel-2 Simplified Level 2 Product Prototype Processor (S2SL2PPP). Design aspects are partly fixed by the ESA as main customer. Together with the alternative atmospheric correction system MACCS, the developed chain based on ATCOR is used for the estimation of the following products: Atmosphere type, Bottom of atmosphere reflectance (including cirrus detection and correction), Aerosol optical thickness, and Water vapor. Being a mono-temporal correction chain ATCOR requires a selection of the spectral bands for the estimation of Aerosol type, Aerosol optical thickness based on the dense dark vegetation method and Water vapor based on the atmospherically pre-corrected differential absorption method as well as an estimation of the best parameter set for these methods. The parameter set was estimated by a sensitivity analysis on a simulated top and bottom of atmosphere radiance/reflectance data based on radiative transfer simulations. The aerosol type is estimated by the comparison of the path radiances ratio to the ground truth path radiances ratio for the standard atmospheres, namely rural, urban, maritime, and desert. Aerosol optical thickness map and Water vapor map are initially estimated on the 20m pixel size data, then the maps are interpolated to the pixel size of 10m and the 10m reflectance data are estimated. The cirrus cloud map is created by the cirrus 1.38 µm band thresholding to the thin, medium, thick cirrus and cirrus clouds. Cirrus compensation is performed by correlating the cirrus band reflectance to the reflective region bands and subtraction of the cirrus contribution per band. Validation of the chain is performed given the top of atmosphere data (as input) and bottom of atmosphere products (the reference). Estimated reflectance is assessed given the ground truth reflectance, Aerosol optical thickness is validated given the AERONET measurements, cirrus correction is validated using a pair of Landsat-8 scenes acquired for the same area with a small time difference. One scene is contaminated by cirrus cloud that has to be restored, while the other is cirrus free and used as reference. A comparison of the estimated products is also performed with an alternative atmospheric correction chain – FLAASH. The software is developed using the Interactive Data Language (IDL) and python. This paper presents the scientific and technical aspects of the Level 2A (atmospheric/topographic correction) for the Sentinel-2 Simplified Level 2 Product Prototype Processor (S2SL2PPP). Design aspects are partly fixed by the ESA as main customer. Together with the alternative atmospheric correction system MACCS, the developed chain based on ATCOR is used for the estimation of the following products: Atmosphere type, Bottom of atmosphere reflectance (including cirrus detection and correction), Aerosol optical thickness, and Water vapor. Being a mono-temporal correction chain ATCOR requires a selection of the spectral bands for the estimation of Aerosol type, Aerosol optical thickness based on the dense dark vegetation method and Water vapor based on the atmospherically pre-corrected differential absorption method as well as an estimation of the best parameter set for these methods. The parameter set was estimated by a sensitivity analysis on a simulated top and bottom of atmosphere radiance/reflectance data based on radiative transfer simulations. The aerosol type is estimated by the comparison of the path radiances ratio to the ground truth path radiances ratio for the standard atmospheres, namely rural, urban, maritime, and desert. Aerosol optical thickness map and Water vapor map are initially estimated on the 20m pixel size data, then the maps are interpolated to the pixel size of 10m and the 10m reflectance data are estimated. The cirrus cloud map is created by the cirrus 1.38 µm band thresholding to the thin, medium, thick cirrus and cirrus clouds. Cirrus compensation is performed by correlating the cirrus band reflectance to the reflective region bands and subtraction of the cirrus contribution per band. Validation of the chain is performed given the top of atmosphere data (as input) and bottom of atmosphere products (the reference). Estimated reflectance is assessed given the ground truth reflectance, Aerosol optical thickness is validated given the AERONET measurements, cirrus correction is validated using a pair of Landsat-8 scenes acquired for the same area with a small time difference. One scene is contaminated by cirrus cloud that has to be restored, while the other is cirrus free and used as reference. A comparison of the estimated products is also performed with an alternative atmospheric correction chain – FLAASH. The software is developed using the Interactive Data Language (IDL) and python

Klimaneutraler Gebäudebestand durch Pauschalmiete?: Erfahrungen bei solarer Eigenversorgung inklusive Speicher

Der 2. Präsenz- Workshop des Forschungsprojektes „EVERSOL-MFH“ fand diesmal unter besonderen Voraussetzungen bei der eG Wohnen 1902 in Cottbus statt. In direkter Nachbarschaft zu den im Projekt untersuchten Sonnenhäusern kamen ca. 50 Teilnehmer aus Forschung, Wohnungswirtschaft und Planungsbüros mit gebührendem Abstand zusammen. Zusätzlich konnten an zwei Tagen jeweils weitere fast 20 Interessierte der Onlineübertragung aller Vorträge folgen und sich so auch an den anschließenden Diskussionen über den Chat beteiligen. Diese besondere Herausforderung gelang nach anfänglichen Startschwierigkeiten und wird für folgende Workshops als interessante Zusatzoption geplant. Dank vieler Gastbeiträge wurde insgesamt eine reiche Vortragsvielfalt rund um den Themenschwerpunkt “Bauen der Zukunft“ vorgestellt: • Mietmodelle und rechtliche Hürden • Neue Geschäftsfelder für die Wohnungswirtschaft • Mieterbefragungen mit Blick auf zukünftige Herausforderungen • Vorstellung von Messdaten und Nutzereinfluss bei Pauschalmiete • Sinnvolle Energieversorgungssysteme für das Mehrfamilienhaus, Status quo bei der Solarthermie und Praxisbeispielen • Alternative Sanierungsstrategien und PV-Fassaden mit Eigennutzung Im vorliegenden Tagungsband sind freigegebene Vorträge sowie einzelne Inhalte des Workshops noch einmal tiefergehend dargestellt. Weitere Informationen zum Workshop sowie zum EVERSOL-Projekt sind auf der Projekthomepage unter https://eversol.iwtt.tu-freiberg.de/workshop-2020.html zu finden.:Liste der Herausgeber .......................................................................................... 5 Danksagung ......................................................................................................... 7 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................... 9 1. Mit Low Tech zu High Savings – warum reduzierte Gebäudetechnik mit autarkem Energiekonzept im Wohnungsbau die Zukunft ist ............................................... 10 2. Pauschalmieten in der WoWi – ein ökonomisches Anreizmodell? ................... 12 3. Energiekennwerte und Nutzereinfluss zweier teilautarker Mehrfamilienhäuser über 1 ½ Jahre Monitoring .................................................................................. 16 4. Neue Geschäftsfelder für die Wohnungswirtschaft- Möglichkeiten und Chancen am Projektbeispiel Winner .................................................................................. 26 5. Wärmepumpe & PV = sinnvolle Energieversorgung im Mehrfamilienhaus? .... 30 6. Energiesprong – Serielles Sanieren von Mehrfamilienhäusern....................... 42 7. Ergebnisse der Mieterbefragungen der Sonnenhäuser vor dem Hintergrund zukünftiger Smart-Home Gebäude ..................................................................... 46 8. Status quo Solarthermie – Ertragskontrolle und neueste Entwicklungen ....... 52 9. WINNER – Projekt .......................................................................................... 60 10. Solarenergie auf Wohnungsebene – heute die Stadt von morgen bauen ... 64 Fazit und Ausblick Eversol Workshop ................................................................ 6

Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury

Axonal injury is considered the major cause of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying effector mechanisms are poorly understood. Starting with a proteomics-based approach, we identified neurofascin-specific autoantibodies in patients with MS. These autoantibodies recognize the native form of the extracellular domains of both neurofascin 186 (NF186), a neuronal protein concentrated in myelinated fibers at nodes of Ranvier, and NF155, the oligodendrocyte-specific isoform of neurofascin. Our in vitro studies with hippocampal slice cultures indicate that neurofascin antibodies inhibit axonal conduction in a complement-dependent manner. To evaluate whether circulating antineurofascin antibodies mediate a pathogenic effect in vivo, we cotransferred these antibodies with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific encephalitogenic T cells to mimic the inflammatory pathology of MS and breach the blood–brain barrier. In this animal model, antibodies to neurofascin selectively targeted nodes of Ranvier, resulting in deposition of complement, axonal injury, and disease exacerbation. Collectively, these results identify a novel mechanism of immune-mediated axonal injury that can contribute to axonal pathology in MS

The EnMAP Observation Planning and Data Access for Scientific Users

EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program; www.enmap.org) is the first German imaging spectroscopy mission, to be launched in April 2022. After its Launch, Early Orbit and Commissioning Phase (6 months), the EnMAP mission will be available to the international user community for the data access and ordering process. EnMAP will be operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) covering all aspects relevant to assure successful mission operations. This comprises controlling and commanding the satellite using multi-mission infrastructures as well as observation planning, data reception, hyperspectral data processing including calibration, data archiving, data access and delivery, and providing web-interfaces to the international user community. This presentation will give an overview of EnMAP observation planning and data access concepts and outlines the data ordering workflow in particular for scientific users. The user can get access to EnMAP data using two different order options: On the one hand the user can submit future order requests through the EnMAP Data Access Portal (EDAP). The EDAP links to a set of functions for registered users that will support the international user community. This portal includes amongst others the proposal portal allowing submission of proposal for all scientific users responding to a Data Announcement of Opportunity (AO) and the Observation Request Portal providing planning support of observation requests and allowing submission of future orders. On the other hand, the already recorded data can be searched, processed and delivered based on catalogue from the archive through the EOWEB® GeoPortal. Although EnMAP is based on an open data policy and every type of user is in principle entitled to download data and request acquisitions, there will be different user categories to set acquisition priorities. The scientific (Cat-1) orders has higher priority and is requested to submit a proposal, which will undergo a scientific evaluation. The associated results will be presented by an interactive map supporting the establishment of a worldwide user network and guarantee the highest transparency of the proposal process. In the Observation Portal the user is able to submit future order requests by specifying following order parameters, such as the geographic area of interest (AOI) (between 74° North and 74° South), length of the AOI as a multiple of 30 km and up to 1000 km, the specification of the maximum allowable tilt angle of the satellite across the orbit (5° to 30°), the time span in which the acquisition should be performed and the option for time series and the number of data takes per months. To ensure acceptable illumination conditions, only images with sun zenith angle lower 60° will be considered. As for data acquisition EnMAP will be able to collect 5000 km along track and 30 km across track per day. The probability that the order will be included in the mission planning depends on the requirements for the observation as well as the specified priority and quota. Whether a specific data take is scheduled at the end depends on factors such as e.g. available data storage, cloud probabilities (e.g. historical and predicted cloud coverage) and, if requested by the user, sunglint probability (this is relevant for water products only). Users should make a request at least 25 hours before the scheduled recording to ensure the uplink. All data are available no later than 24 hours after collection for further processing into data products. The EnMAP ground segment will provide a range of standardized data products with different levels of processing of Level 1B, Level 1C and Level 2A based on archived Level 0 comprising extensive quicklooks and metadata. Due to required multiple processing options, each product is generated specifically for the order and delivered using FTPS (FTP with SSL) provided by multi-mission facilities

EnMap In-flight Calibration Status

The Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) hyperspectral satellite mission was successfully launched on 1st April 2022. The mission aims to monitor and characterise Earth’s environment in the spectral range from 420 - 2450 nm. The VNIR sensor provides 91 science channels ranging from 420 - 1000 nm with an average Spectral Sampling Distance (SSD) of 6.5 nm. While the SWIR sensor covers the range from 900 - 2450 nm with 131 channels and 10nm SSD. - The off-nadir pointing capability (up to 30 degrees) enables 5000 km to be monitored per day, with a swath width of 30 km and a spatial resolution of 30 m. The EnMAP satellite is equipped with several subsystems which allow periodic in-flight monitoring and calibration. The Full Aperture solar Diffuser Assembly (FADA) is used for absolute radiometric calibration. The On-Board Calibration Assembly (OBCA) is composed of 2 integrating spheres: one is coated with a doped diffuser material and is used for the spectral calibration; the second sphere, coated with a white spectralon, is used for Radiometric stability monitoring. Linearity LEDs are placed in front of the detector to monitor their linearity by measuring the response at constant illumination with increasing integration times. The Shutter Calibration Mechanism (SCM) allows for measurements with no light input to be performed in order to compute Dark Signal values and, in combination with Deep Space measurements, to compute any existing shutter emission in the SWIR range. This contribution will present a summary of the calibration activities performed during the EnMAP Commissioning Phase